Abstract: To investigate the full potential of non-speech sounds, this study explored the effects of different multimodal takeover request displays in semi-automated vehicles. It used a mixed design - the visual and auditory notification lead time was within-subjects, whereas the auditory notification spatiality was between-subjects. The study was conducted in a motion-based driving simulator with 24 participants. All participants were engaged in four 9-min driving tasks in level-3 automated vehicle and simultaneously performed a non-driving related task...
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Topics: 
Simulation
Real-time computing
Human–computer interaction