Abstract: Summary Artificial molecular machines (AMMs) have profoundly enhanced scientists’ capability to manipulate the relative movements of components within molecules. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) with movable components have contributed to the design and synthesis of AMMs. The operation of these wholly synthetic molecular machines away from equilibrium is governed by ratchet mechanisms that require a supply of energy. In this review, we discuss the emergence of pumps, both natural and crafted through the ages, focusing on recent advan...
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Topics: 
Nanotechnology
Biochemical engineering