Abstract: Historians often write in general about how a state or administration ‘implemented’ or ‘introduced’ reforms. Of course, an administration does make certain decisions but, in modern times, whole groups of officials are responsible for their realisation. This is the duty of the official apparatus. The success of a given reform is dependent not only on the theory prepared in the silence of the cabinet, but also on its implementation in practice. For this reason, it is important to understand who the officials were and what was their positi...
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