Abstract: This article analyzes the effects of key physical oceanographic conditions on underwater propagation in a shallow water environment. Signals at 2 kHz were transmitted and received over ranges of 1–10 km, and the variability in the sound-speed profile, bathymetry, position of the instruments, and sea surface roughness was measured and the uncertainty on each parameter was estimated. The acoustic channel characteristics, including the transmission loss, delay spread, and coherence time, were calculated between a moored five-element vertical lin...
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