Abstract: Abstract With the addition of an energy storage system (ESS) and advanced controls, a hybrid electric propulsion system can considerably improve the fuel economy over a pure mechanical powertrain. However, the high cost and relatively short operating life of the battery ESS constitute a significant portion of the total operation cost (TOC) of an electrified vehicle, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles with a larger ESS. In this work, a new method for generating the optimal energy management strategy (EMS), considering the TOC of a hybrid elect...
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Topics: 
Automotive engineering