Abstract: The development of alternative empirical (testing) and non-empirical (nontesting) methods to traditional toxicological tests for complex human health effects is a tremendous task. Toxicants may potentially interfere with a vast number of physiological mechanisms thereby causing disturbances on various levels of complexity of human physiology. Only a limited number of mechanisms relevant for toxicity (‘pathways’ of toxicity) have been identified with certainty so far and, presumably, many more mechanisms by which toxicants cause adverse effe...
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Topics: 
Computational biology
Bioinformatics
Risk analysis (engineering)